IO: Fix Windows drive letters misidentified as URI schemes

pyiceberg/io/__init__.py

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 import importlib
 import logging
+import sys
 import warnings
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from io import SEEK_SET
@@ -41,6 +42,17 @@
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+
+def _is_windows_drive_letter(scheme: str) -> bool:
+    r"""Check if a parsed URL scheme is actually a Windows drive letter.
+
+    On Windows, Python's urlparse treats paths like 'C:\\Users\\...' as having
+    scheme='c'. This detects that case so callers can route to the local filesystem.
+    Only returns True on Windows — no behavior change on other platforms.
+    """
+    return sys.platform == "win32" and len(scheme) == 1 and scheme.isalpha()
+
+
 AWS_PROFILE_NAME = "client.profile-name"
 AWS_REGION = "client.region"
 AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = "client.access-key-id"
@@ -336,13 +348,19 @@ def _import_file_io(io_impl: str, properties: Properties) -> FileIO | None:
 
 def _infer_file_io_from_scheme(path: str, properties: Properties) -> FileIO | None:
     parsed_url = urlparse(path)
-    if parsed_url.scheme:
-        if file_ios := SCHEMA_TO_FILE_IO.get(parsed_url.scheme):
+    scheme = parsed_url.scheme
+
+    if scheme and _is_windows_drive_letter(scheme):
+        # Windows drive letter (e.g. 'C:\...') misidentified as a URL scheme
+        scheme = "file"
+
+    if scheme:
+        if file_ios := SCHEMA_TO_FILE_IO.get(scheme):
             for file_io_path in file_ios:
                 if file_io := _import_file_io(file_io_path, properties):
                     return file_io
         else:
-            warnings.warn(f"No preferred file implementation for scheme: {parsed_url.scheme}", stacklevel=2)
+            warnings.warn(f"No preferred file implementation for scheme: {scheme}", stacklevel=2)
     return None
 
 

pyiceberg/io/fsspec.py

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
     InputStream,
     OutputFile,
     OutputStream,
+    _is_windows_drive_letter,
 )
 from pyiceberg.typedef import Properties
 from pyiceberg.types import strtobool
@@ -480,6 +481,8 @@ def delete(self, location: str | InputFile | OutputFile) -> None:
 
     def _get_fs_from_uri(self, uri: "ParseResult") -> AbstractFileSystem:
         """Get a filesystem from a parsed URI, using hostname for ADLS account resolution."""
+        if _is_windows_drive_letter(uri.scheme):
+            return self.get_fs("file")
         if uri.scheme in _ADLS_SCHEMES:
             return self.get_fs(uri.scheme, uri.hostname)
         return self.get_fs(uri.scheme)

pyiceberg/io/pyarrow.py

@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@
     InputStream,
     OutputFile,
     OutputStream,
+    _is_windows_drive_letter,
 )
 from pyiceberg.io.fileformat import DataFileStatistics as DataFileStatistics
 from pyiceberg.io.fileformat import FileFormatFactory, FileFormatModel, FileFormatWriter
@@ -404,10 +405,12 @@ def parse_location(location: str, properties: Properties = EMPTY_DICT) -> tuple[
         """Return (scheme, netloc, path) for the given location.
 
         Uses DEFAULT_SCHEME and DEFAULT_NETLOC if scheme/netloc are missing.
+        On Windows, single-letter schemes (drive letters like 'C') are treated
+        as local file paths rather than URI schemes.
         """
         uri = urlparse(location)
 
-        if not uri.scheme:
+        if not uri.scheme or _is_windows_drive_letter(uri.scheme):
             default_scheme = properties.get("DEFAULT_SCHEME", "file")
             default_netloc = properties.get("DEFAULT_NETLOC", "")
             return default_scheme, default_netloc, os.path.abspath(location)

tests/io/test_io.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 import os
 import pickle
+import sys
 import tempfile
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
     PY_IO_IMPL,
     _import_file_io,
     _infer_file_io_from_scheme,
+    _is_windows_drive_letter,
     load_file_io,
 )
 from pyiceberg.io.pyarrow import PyArrowFileIO
@@ -339,3 +341,31 @@ def test_infer_file_io_from_schema_unknown() -> None:
         _infer_file_io_from_scheme("unknown://bucket/path/", {})
 
     assert str(w[0].message) == "No preferred file implementation for scheme: unknown"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "scheme",
+    ["s3", "hdfs", "file", "gs", ""],
+)
+def test_is_windows_drive_letter_false_for_real_schemes(scheme: str) -> None:
+    assert _is_windows_drive_letter(scheme) is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows-only behavior")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("scheme", ["c", "D", "z"])
+def test_is_windows_drive_letter_true_on_windows(scheme: str) -> None:
+    assert _is_windows_drive_letter(scheme) is True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows-only behavior")
+def test_infer_file_io_from_scheme_windows_drive_letter() -> None:
+    # A Windows-style path like 'C:\Users\...' should be treated as a local file path,
+    # not as a URL with scheme 'c'
+    result = _infer_file_io_from_scheme(r"C:\Users\test\warehouse", {})
+    assert isinstance(result, PyArrowFileIO)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows-only behavior")
+def test_infer_file_io_from_scheme_windows_drive_letter_lowercase() -> None:
+    result = _infer_file_io_from_scheme(r"d:\data\iceberg\table", {})
+    assert isinstance(result, PyArrowFileIO)

tests/io/test_pyarrow.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 # pylint: disable=protected-access,unused-argument,redefined-outer-name
 import logging
 import os
+import sys
 import tempfile
 import uuid
 import warnings
@@ -2326,6 +2327,19 @@ def check_results(location: str, expected_schema: str, expected_netloc: str, exp
     check_results("/root/tmp/foo.txt", "file", "", "/root/tmp/foo.txt")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows-only behavior")
+def test_parse_location_windows_drive_letter() -> None:
+    """Windows drive letters like 'C:' should be treated as local file paths, not URL schemes."""
+    import os
+
+    for drive in ("C", "D", "c", "d"):
+        path = f"{drive}:\\Users\\test\\file.avro"
+        scheme, netloc, result_path = PyArrowFileIO.parse_location(path)
+        assert scheme == "file"
+        assert netloc == ""
+        assert result_path == os.path.abspath(path)
+
+
 def test_make_compatible_name() -> None:
     assert make_compatible_name("label/abc") == "label_x2Fabc"
     assert make_compatible_name("label?abc") == "label_x3Fabc"