feat: add tournament sort algorithm

[abelshijo-dev]

Add Tournament Sort algorithm implementation.

Tournament sort builds a binary tournament tree where elements compete
to find the minimum, extracting elements one by one to produce a sorted list.

Time complexity: O(n log n) | Space complexity: O(n)

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_sort

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.

[algorithms-keeper]

Click here to look at the relevant links ⬇️

🔗 Relevant Links

Repository:

• Contributing guidelines
• Project Euler solution guidelines

Python:

• Formatted string literals (f-strings)
• Type hints
• doctest
• unittest
• pytest

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[algorithms-keeper]

As there is no test file in this pull request nor any test function or class in the file sorts/tournament_sort.py, please provide doctest for the function build_tree

[algorithms-keeper]

As there is no test file in this pull request nor any test function or class in the file sorts/tournament_sort.py, please provide doctest for the function extract_min

Please provide descriptive name for the parameter: n

[diusazzad]

Could you check the failing logs when you have a moment? If the error message is confusing or you need an extra pair of eyes to debug it, just drop a comment here. I’d be super happy to help you fix it together!