diff --git a/pineforge_codegen/codegen/tables.py b/pineforge_codegen/codegen/tables.py
index 8dbfa45..daa5557 100644
--- a/pineforge_codegen/codegen/tables.py
+++ b/pineforge_codegen/codegen/tables.py
@@ -485,39 +485,38 @@ def tz_time_field_lambda(field_expr: str, ts_arg: str, tz_arg: str) -> str:
     "copy":      lambda a, args: f"std::vector<double>({a})",
     "slice":     lambda a, args: f"std::vector<double>({a}.begin()+(int)({args[0]}),{a}.begin()+(int)({args[1]}))",
     "concat":    lambda a, args: f"{a}.insert({a}.end(),{args[0]}.begin(),{args[0]}.end())",
-    "sum":       lambda a, args: f"std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)",
-    "avg":       lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?0.0:std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size())",
-    "min":       lambda a, args: f"*std::min_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end())",
-    "max":       lambda a, args: f"*std::max_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end())",
-    "range":     lambda a, args: f"(*std::max_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end())-*std::min_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end()))",
+    "sum":       lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?na<double>():std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0))",
+    "avg":       lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?na<double>():std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size())",
+    "min":       lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?na<double>():*std::min_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end()))",
+    "max":       lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?na<double>():*std::max_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end()))",
+    "range":     lambda a, args: f"({a}.empty()?na<double>():*std::max_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end())-*std::min_element({a}.begin(),{a}.end()))",
     "every":     lambda a, args: f"std::all_of({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),[](double v){{return v!=0.0;}})",
     "some":      lambda a, args: f"std::any_of({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),[](double v){{return v!=0.0;}})",
     # stdev/variance honor the optional 2nd ``biased`` arg (Pine v6:
-    # biased=true → population (default), false → sample / n-1). The no-arg
-    # form keeps the original population emission byte-identical.
+    # biased=true → population (default), false → sample / n-1).
     "stdev":     lambda a, args: (
-        f"[&](){{ double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); "
+        f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); "
         f"double _d=({args[0]})?(double){a}.size():((double){a}.size()-1.0); "
         f"return _d>0?std::sqrt(s/_d):na<double>(); }}()"
         if args else
-        f"[&](){{ double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); return std::sqrt(s/{a}.size()); }}()"
+        f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); return std::sqrt(s/{a}.size()); }}()"
     ),
     "variance":  lambda a, args: (
-        f"[&](){{ double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); "
+        f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); "
         f"double _d=({args[0]})?(double){a}.size():((double){a}.size()-1.0); "
         f"return _d>0?s/_d:na<double>(); }}()"
         if args else
-        f"[&](){{ double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); return s/{a}.size(); }}()"
+        f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); return s/{a}.size(); }}()"
     ),
-    "median":    lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); int n=c.size(); return n%2?c[n/2]:(c[n/2-1]+c[n/2])/2.0; }}()",
-    "mode":      lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ std::unordered_map<double,int> m; for(auto v:{a})m[v]++; double best=0; int bc=0; for(auto&[v,c]:m)if(c>bc||(c==bc&&v<best)){{bc=c;best=v;}} return best; }}()",
-    "percentile_linear_interpolation": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); double k=({args[0]}/100.0)*c.size()-0.5; int i=std::max(0,(int)k); double f=k-i; if(i+1>=(int)c.size()) return c.back(); return c[i]*(1-f)+c[i+1]*f; }}()",
-    "percentile_nearest_rank": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); int r=(int)std::ceil(({args[0]}/100.0)*c.size()); return c[std::min(r-1,(int)c.size()-1)]; }}()",
+    "median":    lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); int n=c.size(); return n%2?c[n/2]:(c[n/2-1]+c[n/2])/2.0; }}()",
+    "mode":      lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); std::unordered_map<double,int> m; for(auto v:{a})m[v]++; double best=0; int bc=0; for(auto&[v,c]:m)if(c>bc||(c==bc&&v<best)){{bc=c;best=v;}} return best; }}()",
+    "percentile_linear_interpolation": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); double k=({args[0]}/100.0)*c.size()-0.5; int i=std::max(0,(int)k); double f=k-i; if(i+1>=(int)c.size()) return c.back(); return c[i]*(1-f)+c[i+1]*f; }}()",
+    "percentile_nearest_rank": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ if({a}.empty()) return na<double>(); auto c={a}; std::sort(c.begin(),c.end()); int r=(int)std::ceil(({args[0]}/100.0)*c.size()); return (double)c[std::min(r-1,(int)c.size()-1)]; }}()",
     "percentrank": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ if({a}.size()<=1) return na<double>(); double v={a}[({args[0]})]; if(std::isnan(v)) return na<double>(); int le=0; for(auto x:{a}) if(!std::isnan(x) && x<=v) le++; return (double)(le-1)/({a}.size()-1)*100.0; }}()",
     "abs":       lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ std::vector<double> r; for(auto v:{a})r.push_back(std::abs(v)); return r; }}()",
     "join":      lambda a, args: "[&](){{ std::string r; for(size_t i=0;i<{arr}.size();i++){{ if(i>0)r+={sep}; r+=std::to_string({arr}[i]); }} return r; }}()".format(arr=a, sep=args[0] if args else 'std::string(",")'),
     "standardize": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ double m=std::accumulate({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),0.0)/{a}.size(); double s=0; for(auto v:{a})s+=(v-m)*(v-m); s=std::sqrt(s/{a}.size()); std::vector<double> r; for(auto v:{a})r.push_back(s==0?1.0:(v-m)/s); return r; }}()",
-    "covariance": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto&b={args[0]}; int n=std::min({a}.size(),b.size()); double ma=0,mb=0; for(int i=0;i<n;i++){{ma+={a}[i];mb+=b[i];}} ma/=n;mb/=n; double c=0; for(int i=0;i<n;i++)c+=({a}[i]-ma)*(b[i]-mb); return c/n; }}()",
+    "covariance": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto&&b=({args[0]}); int n=std::min({a}.size(),b.size()); if(n<=0) return na<double>(); double ma=0,mb=0; for(int i=0;i<n;i++){{ma+={a}[i];mb+=b[i];}} ma/=n;mb/=n; double c=0; for(int i=0;i<n;i++)c+=({a}[i]-ma)*(b[i]-mb); return c/n; }}()",
     "binary_search": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto it=std::lower_bound({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),{args[0]}); return (it!={a}.end()&&*it=={args[0]})?(double)(it-{a}.begin()):-1.0; }}()",
     "binary_search_leftmost": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto it=std::lower_bound({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),{args[0]}); return (it!={a}.end()&&*it=={args[0]})?(double)(it-{a}.begin()):(double)(it-{a}.begin()-1); }}()",
     "binary_search_rightmost": lambda a, args: f"[&](){{ auto it=std::upper_bound({a}.begin(),{a}.end(),{args[0]}); return (it!={a}.begin()&&*(it-1)=={args[0]})?(double)(it-{a}.begin()-1):(double)(it-{a}.begin()); }}()",
diff --git a/pineforge_codegen/codegen/types.py b/pineforge_codegen/codegen/types.py
index f4d36d6..54d4dde 100644
--- a/pineforge_codegen/codegen/types.py
+++ b/pineforge_codegen/codegen/types.py
@@ -402,7 +402,44 @@ def _array_method_expr(
                     f"codegen: unhandled array method '{method}' — analyzer should have "
                     f"rejected. Add it to ARRAY_METHODS."
                 )
-            lower_receiver = lambda recv: ARRAY_METHODS[method](recv, args)
+            # Pine evaluates call arguments before entering the array
+            # calculation, even when an empty receiver makes the result ``na``.
+            # The empty guards in these methods must therefore consume a
+            # one-evaluation binding rather than leaving the original argument
+            # expression after the guard.  Build the binding into
+            # ``lower_receiver`` so a temporary receiver is still evaluated
+            # first by ``_array_receiver_once_expr``.
+            eager_scalar_arg_methods = {
+                "stdev": (0,),
+                "variance": (0,),
+                "percentile_linear_interpolation": (0,),
+                "percentile_nearest_rank": (0,),
+                "percentrank": (0,),
+            }
+            bound_args = list(args)
+            arg_bindings: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+            occupied = "\n".join((array_expr, *args))
+            counter = getattr(self, "_array_arg_counter", 0)
+            for arg_index in eager_scalar_arg_methods.get(method, ()):
+                if arg_index >= len(args):
+                    continue
+                while True:
+                    token = f"__pf_array_arg_{counter}"
+                    counter += 1
+                    if token not in occupied:
+                        break
+                bound_args[arg_index] = token
+                arg_bindings.append((token, args[arg_index]))
+            self._array_arg_counter = counter
+
+            def lower_receiver(recv: str) -> str:
+                lowered = ARRAY_METHODS[method](recv, bound_args)
+                for token, original in reversed(arg_bindings):
+                    lowered = (
+                        f"[&](){{ auto {token}=({original}); "
+                        f"return {lowered}; }}()"
+                    )
+                return lowered
 
         return self._array_receiver_once_expr(array_expr, args, lower_receiver)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_array_empty_aggregates.py b/tests/test_array_empty_aggregates.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..134b96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_empty_aggregates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""Regression tests for Pine's empty-array calculation semantics."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from pineforge_codegen import transpile
+
+
+def _generate(body: str) -> str:
+    return transpile(f'//@version=6\nstrategy("T")\n{body}\n')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("expression", "unsafe_operation"),
+    [
+        ("array.sum(values)", "std::accumulate"),
+        ("array.avg(values)", "std::accumulate"),
+        ("array.min(values)", "std::min_element"),
+        ("array.max(values)", "std::max_element"),
+        ("array.range(values)", "std::max_element"),
+        ("array.stdev(values)", "std::sqrt"),
+        ("array.stdev(values, false)", "std::sqrt"),
+        ("array.variance(values)", "std::accumulate"),
+        ("array.variance(values, false)", "std::accumulate"),
+        ("array.median(values)", "std::sort"),
+        ("array.mode(values)", "std::unordered_map"),
+        ("array.percentile_linear_interpolation(values, 50)", "c.back()"),
+        ("array.percentile_nearest_rank(values, 50)", "c[std::min"),
+        ("array.percentrank(values, 0)", "double v=values"),
+        ("array.covariance(values, peers)", "ma/=n"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_empty_numeric_array_calculations_guard_before_use(
+    expression: str,
+    unsafe_operation: str,
+):
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "values = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "peers = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        f"ki48_result = {expression}\n"
+        "plot(ki48_result)"
+    )
+
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    assert "na<double>()" in assignment
+    assert unsafe_operation in assignment
+    assert assignment.index("na<double>()") < assignment.index(unsafe_operation)
+
+
+def test_empty_int_array_aggregate_returns_typed_numeric_na():
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "values = array.new<int>(0)\n"
+        "ki48_result = values.min()\n"
+        "plot(ki48_result)"
+    )
+
+    assert "std::vector<int> values" in cpp
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    assert "values.empty()?na<double>()" in assignment
+    assert "*std::min_element(values.begin(),values.end())" in assignment
+
+
+def test_empty_temporary_array_aggregate_evaluates_receiver_once():
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "values = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "ki48_result = array.sum(array.copy(values))\n"
+        "plot(ki48_result)"
+    )
+
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    assert "auto&& __pf_array_receiver_" in assignment
+    assert "na<double>()" in assignment
+    assert assignment.count("std::vector<double>(values)") == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("expression", "argument_call", "guard"),
+    [
+        ("array.stdev(values, biased())", "biased()", "values.empty()"),
+        ("array.variance(values, biased())", "biased()", "values.empty()"),
+        (
+            "array.percentile_linear_interpolation(values, percentage())",
+            "percentage()",
+            "values.empty()",
+        ),
+        (
+            "array.percentile_nearest_rank(values, percentage())",
+            "percentage()",
+            "values.empty()",
+        ),
+        ("array.percentrank(values, index())", "index()", "values.size()<=1"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_empty_calculation_evaluates_stateful_argument_once_before_guard(
+    expression: str,
+    argument_call: str,
+    guard: str,
+):
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "side_effects = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "biased() =>\n"
+        "    array.push(side_effects, 1.0)\n"
+        "    false\n"
+        "percentage() =>\n"
+        "    array.push(side_effects, 1.0)\n"
+        "    50.0\n"
+        "index() =>\n"
+        "    array.push(side_effects, 1.0)\n"
+        "    0\n"
+        "values = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        f"ki48_result = {expression}\n"
+        "plot(ki48_result)"
+    )
+
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    assert assignment.count(argument_call) == 1
+    assert argument_call in assignment
+    assert guard in assignment
+    assert assignment.index(argument_call) < assignment.index(guard)
+
+
+def test_temporary_receiver_is_bound_before_stateful_argument():
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "values = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "side_effects = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "percentage() =>\n"
+        "    array.push(side_effects, 1.0)\n"
+        "    50.0\n"
+        "ki48_result = array.percentile_nearest_rank(array.copy(values), percentage())\n"
+        "plot(ki48_result)"
+    )
+
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    receiver = "std::vector<double>(values)"
+    assert assignment.count(receiver) == 1
+    assert assignment.count("percentage()") == 1
+    assert assignment.index(receiver) < assignment.index("percentage()")
+    assert assignment.index("percentage()") < assignment.index(".empty()")
+
+
+def test_empty_standardize_remains_an_empty_array_not_scalar_na():
+    cpp = _generate(
+        "values = array.new<float>(0)\n"
+        "ki48_result = array.standardize(values)\n"
+        "plot(array.size(ki48_result))"
+    )
+
+    assignment = next(
+        line
+        for line in cpp.splitlines()
+        if line.startswith("        ki48_result =")
+    )
+    assert "std::vector<double> r" in assignment
+    assert "return r" in assignment
+    assert "return na<double>()" not in assignment
diff --git a/tests/test_codegen_audit_fixes.py b/tests/test_codegen_audit_fixes.py
index c6bb695..70f3c49 100644
--- a/tests/test_codegen_audit_fixes.py
+++ b/tests/test_codegen_audit_fixes.py
@@ -208,7 +208,12 @@ def test_array_stdev_biased_arg():
         "arr = array.new<float>(0)\narray.push(arr, close)\n"
         "v = array.stdev(arr, false)\nplot(v)\n"
     )
-    assert "_d=(false)?" in cpp.replace(" ", "").replace("\n", "") or "_d=(false)" in cpp
+    assignment = next(line for line in cpp.splitlines() if line.startswith("        v ="))
+    token = assignment.split("auto ", 1)[1].split("=", 1)[0]
+    assert token.startswith("__pf_array_arg_")
+    assert f"auto {token}=(false);" in assignment
+    assert f"_d=({token})?" in assignment
+    assert assignment.index("(false)") < assignment.index("arr.empty()")
 
 
 def test_array_stdev_no_arg_unchanged():
diff --git a/tests/test_compile_smoke.py b/tests/test_compile_smoke.py
index 780fd45..5477abc 100644
--- a/tests/test_compile_smoke.py
+++ b/tests/test_compile_smoke.py
@@ -419,6 +419,31 @@ def test_nested_array_slice_aggregates_compile():
 """)
 
 
+def test_empty_numeric_array_calculations_compile():
+    _check("empty_numeric_array_calculations", """
+values = array.new<float>(0)
+peers = array.new<float>(0)
+ints = array.new<int>(0)
+sum_v = array.sum(values)
+avg_v = array.avg(values)
+min_v = array.min(values)
+max_v = array.max(values)
+range_v = array.range(values)
+stdev_v = array.stdev(values, false)
+variance_v = array.variance(values, false)
+median_v = array.median(values)
+mode_v = array.mode(values)
+linear_v = array.percentile_linear_interpolation(values, 50)
+nearest_v = array.percentile_nearest_rank(ints, 50)
+rank_v = array.percentrank(values, 0)
+covariance_v = array.covariance(values, peers)
+covariance_temp_v = array.covariance(values, array.copy(peers))
+plot(sum_v + avg_v + min_v + max_v + range_v + stdev_v + variance_v +
+     median_v + mode_v + linear_v + nearest_v + rank_v + covariance_v +
+     covariance_temp_v)
+""")
+
+
 def test_descending_for_by_array_remove_compiles():
     _check("descending_for_by_array_remove", """
 var levels = array.new<float>()